Exogenous Ketones

Stubbs BJ, Cox PJ, Evans RD, et al. On the Metabolism of Exogenous Ketones in Humans. Front Physiol. 2017;8:848. Published 2017 Oct 30. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00848

Kovács Z, D'Agostino DP, Diamond D, Kindy MS, Rogers C, Ari C. Therapeutic Potential of Exogenous Ketone Supplement Induced Ketosis in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Review of Current Literature. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:363. Published 2019 May 23. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00363

Evans, M., Cogan, K. E., & Egan, B. (2017). Metabolism of ketone bodies during exercise and training: physiological basis for exogenous supplementation. The Journal of physiology, 595(9), 2857–2871. DOI: 10.1113/JP273185

Ari, C., Murdun, C., Koutnik, A. P., Goldhagen, C. R., Rogers, C., Park, C., Bharwani, S., Diamond, D. M., Kindy, M. S., D'Agostino, D. P., & Kovács, Z. (2019). Exogenous Ketones Lower Blood Glucose Level in Rested and Exercised Rodent Models. Nutrients, 11(10), 2330. DOI: 10.3390/nu11102330

Soto-Mota, A., Vansant, H., Evans, R. D., & Clarke, K. (2019). Safety and tolerability of sustained exogenous ketosis using ketone monoester drinks for 28 days in healthy adults. Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP, 109, 104506. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104506

Stubbs, B. J., Cox, P. J., Evans, R. D., Santer, P., Miller, J. J., Faull, O. K., Magor-Elliott, S., Hiyama, S., Stirling, M., & Clarke, K. (2017). On the Metabolism of Exogenous Ketones in Humans. Frontiers in physiology, 8, 848. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00848

Veech R. L. (2004). The therapeutic implications of ketone bodies: the effects of ketone bodies in pathological conditions: ketosis, ketogenic diet, redox states, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial metabolism. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids, 70(3), 309–319. DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2003.09.007

Mitchell, G. A., Kassovska-Bratinova, S., Boukaftane, Y., Robert, M. F., Wang, S. P., Ashmarina, L., Lambert, M., Lapierre, P., & Potier, E. (1995). Medical aspects of ketone body metabolism. Clinical and investigative medicine. Medecine clinique et experimentale, 18(3), 193–216. PMID: 7554586

Veech, R. L., Chance, B., Kashiwaya, Y., Lardy, H. A., & Cahill, G. F., Jr (2001). Ketone bodies, potential therapeutic uses. IUBMB life, 51(4), 241–247. DOI: 10.1080/152165401753311780

Haces, M. L., Hernández-Fonseca, K., Medina-Campos, O. N., Montiel, T., Pedraza-Chaverri, J., & Massieu, L. (2008). Antioxidant capacity contributes to protection of ketone bodies against oxidative damage induced during hypoglycemic conditions. Experimental neurology, 211(1), 85–96. DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.12.029

Johnston, C. S., Tjonn, S. L., Swan, P. D., White, A., Hutchins, H., & Sears, B. (2006). Ketogenic low-carbohydrate diets have no metabolic advantage over nonketogenic low-carbohydrate diets. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 83(5), 1055–1061. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/83.5.1055

White, A. M., Johnston, C. S., Swan, P. D., Tjonn, S. L., & Sears, B. (2007). Blood ketones are directly related to fatigue and perceived effort during exercise in overweight adults adhering to low-carbohydrate diets for weight loss: a pilot study. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 107(10), 1792–1796. DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2007.07.009

MCT Oil Powder

St-Onge MP, Bosarge A, Goree LL, Darnell B. Medium chain triglyceride oil consumption as part of a weight loss diet does not lead to an adverse metabolic profile when compared to olive oil. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008;27(5):547-552. DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2008.10719737

Wang Y, Liu Z, Han Y, Xu J, Huang W, Li Z. Medium Chain Triglycerides enhances exercise endurance through the increased mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism. PLoS One. 2018;13(2):e0191182. Published 2018 Feb 8. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191182

St-Onge MP, Mayrsohn B, O'Keeffe M, Kissileff HR, Choudhury AR, Laferrère B. Impact of medium and long chain triglycerides consumption on appetite and food intake in overweight men. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68(10):1134-1140. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.145

Kinsella, R. & Maher, Tyler & Clegg, Miriam. (2017). Coconut oil has less satiating properties than medium chain triglyceride oil. Physiology & Behavior. 179. DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.07.007

St-Onge, M. P., & Bosarge, A. (2008). Weight-loss diet that includes consumption of medium-chain triacylglycerol oil leads to a greater rate of weight and fat mass loss than does olive oil. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 87(3), 621–626. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/87.3.621

St-Onge, M. P., Bourque, C., Jones, P. J., Ross, R., & Parsons, W. E. (2003). Medium- versus long-chain triglycerides for 27 days increases fat oxidation and energy expenditure without resulting in changes in body composition in overweight women. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 27(1), 95–102. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802169

Ingle, D., Driedger, A., Traul, K., & Nakhasi, D. (1999). Dietary Energy Value of Medium‐chain Triglycerides. Journal of Food Science, 64(6). DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb12259.x

Rego Costa, A. C., Rosado, E. L., & Soares-Mota, M. (2012). Influence of the dietary intake of medium chain triglycerides on body composition, energy expenditure and satiety: a systematic review. Nutricion hospitalaria, 27(1), 103–108. DOI: 10.1590/S0212-16112012000100011

Baba, N., Bracco, E. F., & Hashim, S. A. (1982). Enhanced thermogenesis and diminished deposition of fat in response to overfeeding with diet containing medium chain triglyceride. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 35(4), 678–682. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/35.4.678

Dulloo, A. G., Fathi, M., Mensi, N., & Girardier, L. (1996). Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure and urinary catecholamines of humans consuming low-to-moderate amounts of medium-chain triglycerides: a dose-response study in a human respiratory chamber. European journal of clinical nutrition, 50(3), 152–158. PMID: 8654328

Takeuchi, H., Sekine, S., Kojima, K., & Aoyama, T. (2008). The application of medium-chain fatty acids: edible oil with a suppressing effect on body fat accumulation. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition, 17 Suppl 1, 320–323. PMID: 18296368

Schönfeld, P., & Wojtczak, L. (2016). Short- and medium-chain fatty acids in energy metabolism: the cellular perspective. Journal of lipid research, 57(6), 943–954. DOI: 10.1194/jlr.R067629

Nosaka, N., Suzuki, Y., Nagatoishi, A., Kasai, M., Wu, J., & Taguchi, M. (2009). Effect of ingestion of medium-chain triacylglycerols on moderate- and high-intensity exercise in recreational athletes. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology, 55(2), 120–125. DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.55.120

Clegg M. E. (2010). Medium-chain triglycerides are advantageous in promoting weight loss although not beneficial to exercise performance. International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 61(7), 653–679. DOI: 10.3109/09637481003702114

D C Harvey, C. J., Schofield, G. M., Williden, M., & McQuillan, J. A. (2018). The Effect of Medium Chain Triglycerides on Time to Nutritional Ketosis and Symptoms of Keto-Induction in Healthy Adults: A Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal of nutrition and metabolism, 2018, 2630565. DOI: 10.1155/2018/2630565

Ashwagandha

Chandrasekhar, K., Kapoor, J., & Anishetty, S. (2012). A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of Ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 34(3), 255–262. doi: 10.4103/0253-7176.106022

Björnsson, HK, Björnsson, ES, Avula, B, et al. Ashwagandha‐induced liver injury: A case series from Iceland and the US Drug‐Induced Liver Injury Network. Liver Int. 2020; 40: 825– 829. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14393

Shah, N., Singh, R., Sarangi, U., Saxena, N., Chaudhary, A., Kaur, G., Kaul, S. C., & Wadhwa, R. (2015). Combinations of Ashwagandha leaf extracts protect brain-derived cells against oxidative stress and induce differentiation. PloS one, 10(3), e0120554. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120554

Wadhwa, R., Singh, R., Gao, R., Shah, N., Widodo, N., Nakamoto, T., Ishida, Y., Terao, K., & Kaul, S. C. (2013). Water extract of Ashwagandha leaves has anticancer activity: identification of an active component and its mechanism of action. PloS one, 8(10), e77189. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077189

Kaur, K., Rani, G., Widodo, N., Nagpal, A., Taira, K., Kaul, S. C., & Wadhwa, R. (2004). Evaluation of the anti-proliferative and anti-oxidative activities of leaf extract from in vivo and in vitro raised Ashwagandha. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 42(12), 2015–2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.07.015

Salve, J., Pate, S., Debnath, K., & Langade, D. (2019). Adaptogenic and Anxiolytic Effects of Ashwagandha Root Extract in Healthy Adults: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Clinical Study. Cureus, 11(12), e6466. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.6466Lopresti, A. L., Smith, S. J., Malvi, H., & Kodgule, R. (2019). An investigation into the stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Medicine, 98(37), e17186. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000017186

Langade, D., Kanchi, S., Salve, J., Debnath, K., & Ambegaokar, D. (2019). Efficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract in Insomnia and Anxiety: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study. Cureus, 11(9), e5797. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5797

Kelgane, S. B., Salve, J., Sampara, P., & Debnath, K. (2020). Efficacy and Tolerability of Ashwagandha Root Extract in the Elderly for Improvement of General Well-being and Sleep: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study. Cureus, 12(2), e7083. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7083

Ven Murthy, M. R., Ranjekar, P. K., Ramassamy, C., & Deshpande, M. (2010). Scientific basis for the use of Indian ayurvedic medicinal plants in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders: ashwagandha. Central nervous system agents in medicinal chemistry, 10(3), 238–246. DOI: 10.2174/1871524911006030238

 Pratte, M. A., Nanavati, K. B., Young, V., & Morley, C. P. (2014). An alternative treatment for anxiety: a systematic review of human trial results reported for the Ayurvedic herb ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 20(12), 901–908. DOI: 10.1089/acm.2014.0177

Singh, R., Gupta, P., Khan, F., Singh, S. K., Sanchita, Mishra, T., Kumar, A., Dhawan, S. S., & Shirke, P. A. (2018). Modulations in primary and secondary metabolic pathways and adjustment in physiological behaviour of Withania somnifera under drought stress. Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology, 272, 42–54. DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.03.029

Reishi Mushroom

Sabaratnam V, Kah-Hui W, Naidu M, Rosie David P. Neuronal health – can culinary and medicinal mushrooms help?. J Tradit Complement Med. 2013;3(1):62-68. doi: 10.4103/2225-4110.106549

Lai, Puei-Lene; Naidu, Murali; Sabaratnam, Vikineswary; Wong, Kah-Hui; David, Rosie Pamela; Kuppusamy, Umah Rani; Abdullah, Noorlidah; Malek, Sri Nurestri A. Neurotrophic properties of the Lion's mane medicinal mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) from Malaysia. Int J Med Mushrooms ; 15(6): 539-54, 2013. DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushr.v15.i6.30

Tuli HS, Sandhu SS, Sharma AK. Pharmacological and therapeutic potential of Cordyceps with special reference to Cordycepin. 3 Biotech. 2014;4(1):1‐12. doi: 10.1007/s13205-013-0121-9

Panda AK, Swain KC. Traditional uses and medicinal potential of Cordyceps sinensis of Sikkim. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2011;2(1):9‐13. doi: 10.4103/0975-9476.78183

Bishop, K. S., Kao, C. H., Xu, Y., Glucina, M. P., Paterson, R. R., & Ferguson, L. R. (2015). From 2000years of Ganoderma lucidum to recent developments in nutraceuticals. Phytochemistry, 114, 56–65. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.015

Loyd, A. L., Richter, B. S., Jusino, M. A., Truong, C., Smith, M. E., Blanchette, R. A., & Smith, J. A. (2018). Identifying the "Mushroom of Immortality": Assessing the Ganoderma Species Composition in Commercial Reishi Products. Frontiers in microbiology, 9, 1557. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01557

Wachtel-Galor, S., Yuen, J., Buswell, J. A., & Benzie, I. (2011). Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi): A Medicinal Mushroom. In I. Benzie (Eds.) et. al., Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. (2nd ed.). CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. PMID: 22593926

Yue, G. G., Fung, K. P., Tse, G. M., Leung, P. C., & Lau, C. B. (2006). Comparative studies of various ganoderma species and their different parts with regard to their antitumor and immunomodulating activities in vitro. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 12(8), 777–789. DOI: 10.1089/acm.2006.12.777

Loyd, A. L., Barnes, C. W., Held, B. W., Schink, M. J., Smith, M. E., Smith, J. A., & Blanchette, R. A. (2018). Elucidating "lucidum": Distinguishing the diverse laccate Ganoderma species of the United States. PloS one, 13(7), e0199738. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199738

Loyd, A. L., Linder, E. R., Smith, M. E., Blanchette, R. A., & Smith, J. A. (2019). Cultural characterization and chlamydospore function of the Ganodermataceae present in the eastern United States. Mycologia, 111(1), 1–12. DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2018.1543509

Wachtel-Galor, S., Tomlinson, B., & Benzie, I. F. (2004). Ganoderma lucidum ("Lingzhi"), a Chinese medicinal mushroom: biomarker responses in a controlled human supplementation study. The British journal of nutrition, 91(2), 263–269. DOI: 10.1079/BJN20041039

Zeng P, Guo Z, Zeng X, et al. Chemical, biochemical, preclinical and clinical studies of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide as an approved drug for treating myopathy and other diseases in China. J Cell Mol Med. 2018;22(7):3278-3297. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.13613

Batra, P., Sharma, A. K., & Khajuria, R. (2013). Probing Lingzhi or Reishi medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (higher Basidiomycetes): a bitter mushroom with amazing health benefits. International journal of medicinal mushrooms, 15(2), 127–143. https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushr.v15.i2.20

Hennicke, F., Cheikh-Ali, Z., Liebisch, T., Maciá-Vicente, J. G., Bode, H. B., & Piepenbring, M. (2016). Distinguishing commercially grown Ganoderma lucidum from Ganoderma lingzhi from Europe and East Asia on the basis of morphology, molecular phylogeny, and triterpenic acid profiles. Phytochemistry, 127, 29–37. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.03.012

Cizmarikova M. (2017). The Efficacy and Toxicity of Using the Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes), and Its Products in Chemotherapy (Review). International journal of medicinal mushrooms, 19(10), 861–877. DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2017024537