Medicinal Ingredients (per capsule): Bos taurus, Cattle (Liver) 500 mg. Non-Medicinal Ingredients: Methylcellulose capsule.

Adults take 3 capsules twice (2) daily. Take with food. Take a few hours before or after taking other medications or natural health products. May be taken with or without food.

CAUTION: Keep out of the reach of children. If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, consult a health care practitioner prior to using. Known Adverse Reactions: May cause gastrointestinal disturbances (e.g. diarrhea) in which case, discontinue use. If allergic reaction occurs, discontinue use. Contra-Indications: Do not use if you have iron-storage disorders, such as hemochromatosis. Precautions for Use: Store in a cool, dry place. Do not use if product has been opened or tampered with in any way.

Beef Liver

M. Faber, F.A.M. Wenhold. 16 - Trace elements and oral health. Michael Wilson. In Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science. Technology and Nutrition. Food Constituents and Oral Health. Woodhead Publishing. 2009. 331-349. 9781845694180. DOI: 10.1533/9781845696290.2.331

P.A. Tsuji, J.A. Canter, L.E. Rosso. Trace Minerals and Trace Elements. Benjamin Caballero, Paul M. Finglas, Fidel Toldrá. Encyclopedia of Food and Health. Academic Press. 2016. 331-338. 9780123849533. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384947-2.00699-1

Sornwichate Rattanachaiwong, Pierre Singer. Diets and Diet Therapy: Trace Elements. Pasquale Ferranti, Elliot M. Berry, Jock R. Anderson. Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability. Elsevier. 2019. 143-160. 9780128126882. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.21941-0

Steven M. Lonergan, David G. Topel, Dennis N. Marple. Chapter 13 - Fresh and cured meat processing and preservation. Steven M. Lonergan, David G. Topel, Dennis N. Marple. The Science of Animal Growth and Meat Technology (Second Edition). Academic Press. 2019. 205-228. 9780128152775. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-815277-5.00013-5

Martin Kohlmeier. Chapter 11 - Minerals and Trace Elements. Martin Kohlmeier. Nutrient Metabolism (Second Edition). Academic Press. 2015. 673-807. 9780123877840. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-387784-0.00011-0

H.W. Ockerman, L. Basu. BY-PRODUCTS | Edible, for Human Consumption. Michael Dikeman, Carrick Devine. Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences (Second Edition). Academic Press. 2014. 104-111. 9780123847348. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384731-7.00031-3

Robert Heaney. Chapter 42 – Osteoporosis. Ann M. Coulston, Cheryl L. Rock, Elaine R. Monsen. Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease. Academic Press. 2001. 653-684. 9780121931551. DOI: 10.1016/B978-012193155-1/50044-1

R.A. Lawrie. Chapter 5 - The conversion of muscle to meat. R.A. Lawrie. In Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science. Technology and Nutrition. Lawrie's Meat Science (Seventh Edition). Woodhead Publishing. 2006. 128-156. 9781845691592. DOI: 10.1533/9781845691615.128

Martin Kohlmeier. Chapter 8 - Amino Acids and Nitrogen Compounds. Martin Kohlmeier. Nutrient Metabolism (Second Edition). Academic Press. 2015. 265-477. 9780123877840. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-387784-0.00008-0

Duizer, L. M., Diana, A., Rathomi, H. S., Luftimas, D. E., Rahmannia, S., Santi, W., Nugraha, G. I., Haszard, J. J., Gibson, R. S., & Houghton, L. A. (2017). An Acceptability Trial of Desiccated Beef Liver and Meat Powder as Potential Fortifiers of Complementary Diets of Young Children in Indonesia. Journal of food science, 82(9), 2206–2212. DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13807

Ross, A. C., Caballero, B. H., Cousins, R. J., Tucker, K. L., & Ziegler, T. R. (2012). Modern nutrition in health and disease: Eleventh edition. Wolters Kluwer Health Adis (ESP).

Sanders LM, Zeisel SH. Choline: Dietary Requirements and Role in Brain Development. Nutr Today. 2007;42(4):181-186. doi: 10.1097/01.NT.0000286155.55343.fa

Zeisel SH, da Costa KA. Choline: an essential nutrient for public health. Nutr Rev. 2009;67(11):615-623. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00246.x

Ercan Karaayak, Pınar & El, Sedef. (2011). Changes in content of coenzyme Q10 in beef muscle, beef liver and beef heart with cooking and in vitro digestion. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis - J FOOD COMPOS ANAL. 24. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2011.05.002

Prakash S, Sunitha J, Hans M. Role of coenzyme Q(10) as an antioxidant and bioenergizer in periodontal diseases. Indian J Pharmacol. 2010;42(6):334-337. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.71884

Rosenfeldt, Franklin & Hilton, Deborah & Pepe, Salvatore & Krum, Henry. (2003). Systematic review of effect of coenzyme Q10 in physical exercise, hypertension and heart failure. BioFactors (Oxford, England). 18. 91-100. DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520180211.

Jafari, M., Mousavi, S. M., Asgharzadeh, A., & Yazdani, N. (2018). Coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of heart failure: A systematic review of systematic reviews. Indian heart journal, 70 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), S111–S117. DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2018.01.031

Ueland P. M. (2011). Choline and betaine in health and disease. Journal of inherited metabolic disease, 34(1), 3–15. DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9088-4

Iron

Lieu, P. T., Heiskala, M., Peterson, P. A., & Yang, Y. (2001). The roles of iron in health and disease. Molecular aspects of medicine, 22(1-2), 1–87. DOI: 10.1016/s0098-2997(00)00006-6

Abbaspour, N., Hurrell, R., & Kelishadi, R. (2014). Review on iron and its importance for human health. Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 19(2), 164–174. PMCID: PMC3999603

Toxqui, L., De Piero, A., Courtois, V., Bastida, S., Sánchez-Muniz, F. J., & Vaquero, M. P. (2010). Deficiencia y sobrecarga de hierro: implicaciones en el estado oxidativo y la salud cardiovascular [Iron deficiency and overload. Implications in oxidative stress and cardiovascular health]. Nutricion hospitalaria, 25(3), 350–365. PMID: 20593115

Macdougall IC. Intravenous iron therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease: recent evidence and future directions. Clin Kidney J. 2017;10(Suppl 1):i16-i24. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfx043

Chung M, Moorthy D, Hadar N, et al. Biomarkers for Assessing and Managing Iron Deficiency Anemia in Late-Stage Chronic Kidney Disease [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2012 Oct. (Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, No. 83.)

Berns J. S. (2017). Interpretation of the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines for iron therapy: commentary and emerging evidence. Clinical kidney journal, 10(Suppl 1), i3–i8. DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfx042

Rubeor A, Goojha C, Manning J, White J. Does Iron Supplementation Improve Performance in Iron-Deficient Nonanemic Athletes?. Sports Health. 2018;10(5):400-405. doi: 10.1177/1941738118777488

Vitamin B12

Lin, C. Y., Kuo, C. S., Lu, C. L., Wu, M. Y., & Huang, R. F. (2010). Elevated serum vitamin B(12) levels in association with tumor markers as the prognostic factors predictive for poor survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Nutrition and cancer, 62(2), 190–197. DOI: 10.1080/01635580903305334

Majaj A. S. (1966). Vitamin E-responsive macrocytic anemia in protein-calorie malnutrition. Measurements of vitamin E, folic acid, vitamin C, vitamin B12 and iron. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 18(5), 362–368. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/18.5.362

Kwok, T., Tang, C., Woo, J., Lai, W. K., Law, L. K., & Pang, C. P. (1998). Randomized trial of the effect of supplementation on the cognitive function of older people with subnormal cobalamin levels. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 13(9), 611–616. DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199809)13:9<611::aid-gps832>3.0.co;2-o

Lonn, E., Yusuf, S., Arnold, M. J., Sheridan, P., Pogue, J., Micks, M., McQueen, M. J., Probstfield, J., Fodor, G., Held, C., Genest, J., Jr, & Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) 2 Investigators (2006). Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease. The New England journal of medicine, 354(15), 1567–1577. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa060900

Kwok, T., Lee, J., Law, C. B., Pan, P. C., Yung, C. Y., Choi, K. C., & Lam, L. C. (2011). A randomized placebo controlled trial of homocysteine lowering to reduce cognitive decline in older demented people. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 30(3), 297–302. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2010.12.004

Clarke R. (2000). Lowering blood homocysteine with folic acid-based supplements: meta-analysis of randomised trials. Indian heart journal, 52(7 Suppl), S59–S64. PMID: 11339443

Ma, E., Iwasaki, M., Kobayashi, M., Kasuga, Y., Yokoyama, S., Onuma, H., Nishimura, H., Kusama, R., & Tsugane, S. (2009). Dietary intake of folate, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, genetic polymorphism of related enzymes, and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study in Japan. Nutrition and cancer, 61(4), 447–456. DOI: 10.1080/01635580802610123

Malouf, R., & Areosa Sastre, A. (2003). Vitamin B12 for cognition. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (3), CD004326. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004326

Malouf, R., & Grimley Evans, J. (2008). Folic acid with or without vitamin B12 for the prevention and treatment of healthy elderly and demented people. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (4), CD004514. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004514.pub2

McNulty, H., Pentieva, K., Hoey, L., & Ward, M. (2008). Homocysteine, B-vitamins and CVD. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 67(2), 232–237. DOI: 10.1017/S0029665108007076

Chen, K. J., Pan, W. H., Yang, F. L., Wei, I. L., Shaw, N. S., & Lin, B. F. (2005). Association of B vitamins status and homocysteine levels in elderly Taiwanese. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition, 14(3), 250–255. PMID: 16169836

Vitamin A

Green AS, Fascetti AJ. Meeting the Vitamin A Requirement: The Efficacy and Importance of β-Carotene in Animal Species. ScientificWorldJournal. 2016;2016:7393620. doi: 10.1155/2016/7393620

Marjorie J Haskell, The challenge to reach nutritional adequacy for vitamin A: β-carotene bioavailability and conversion—evidence in humans, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 96, Issue 5, November 2012, Pages 1193S–1203S, DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.034850

De Pee, S., & Bloem, M. W. (2007). The bioavailability of (pro) vitamin A carotenoids and maximizing the contribution of homestead food production to combating vitamin A deficiency. International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition, 77(3), 182–192. DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831.77.3.182

De Pee, S., & West, C. E. (1996). Dietary carotenoids and their role in combating vitamin A deficiency: a review of the literature. European journal of clinical nutrition, 50 Suppl 3, S38–S53. PMID: 8841773

Van Loo-Bouwman, C. A., West, C. E., van Breemen, R. B., Zhu, D., Siebelink, E., Versloot, P., Hulshof, P. J., van Lieshout, M., Russel, F. G., Schaafsma, G., & Naber, T. H. (2009). Vitamin A equivalency of beta-carotene in healthy adults: limitation of the extrinsic dual-isotope dilution technique to measure matrix effect. The British journal of nutrition, 101(12), 1837–1845. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114508131762

Copper

Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Copper. [Updated 2017 Oct 30].

Harris, E. D., Rayton, J. K., Balthrop, J. E., DiSilvestro, R. A., & Garcia-de-Quevedo, M. (1980). Copper and the synthesis of elastin and collagen. Ciba Foundation symposium, 79, 163–182. DOI: 10.1002/9780470720622.ch9

Borkow G. Using Copper to Improve the Well-Being of the Skin. Curr Chem Biol. 2014;8(2):89-102. doi: PMCID: PMC4556990

Yu L, Liou IW, Biggins SW, et al. Copper Deficiency in Liver Diseases: A Case Series and Pathophysiological Considerations. Hepatol Commun. 2019;3(8):1159-1165. Published 2019 Jun 26. doi: 10.1002/hep4.1393

Klevay L. M. (2000). Dietary copper and risk of coronary heart disease. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 71(5), 1213–1214. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/71.5.1213

Klevay L. M. (2000). Cardiovascular disease from copper deficiency--a history. The Journal of nutrition, 130(2S Suppl), 489S–492S. DOI: 10.1093/jn/130.2.489S

Percival S. S. (1998). Copper and immunity. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 67(5 Suppl), 1064S–1068S. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/67.5.1064S

Mahdavi-Roshan M, Ebrahimi M, Ebrahimi A. Copper, magnesium, zinc and calcium status in osteopenic and osteoporotic post-menopausal women. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2015;12(1):18-21. PMCID: PMC4469220