León-López A, Morales-Peñaloza A, Martínez-Juárez VM, Vargas-Torres A, Zeugolis DI, Aguirre-Álvarez G. Hydrolyzed Collagen-Sources and Applications. Molecules. 2019;24(22):4031. Published 2019 Nov 7. doi: 10.3390/molecules24224031

K. Henriksen, M.A. Karsdal, in Biochemistry of Collagens, Laminins and Elastin, 2016

Albaugh VL, Mukherjee K, Barbul A. Proline Precursors and Collagen Synthesis: Biochemical Challenges of Nutrient Supplementation and Wound Healing. J Nutr. 2017;147(11):2011‐2017. doi:10.3945/jn.117.256404

Avila Rodríguez, MI, Rodríguez Barroso, LG, Sánchez, ML. Collagen: A review on its sources and potential cosmetic applications. J Cosmet. Dermatol. 2018; 17: 20– 26. DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12450

Paul C, Leser S, Oesser S. Significant Amounts of Functional Collagen Peptides Can Be Incorporated in the Diet While Maintaining Indispensable Amino Acid Balance. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1079. Published 2019 May 15.  doi: 10.3945/jn.117.256404

Proksch, E., Segger, D., Degwert, J., Schunck, M., Zague, V., & Oesser, S. (2014). Oral supplementation of specific collagen peptides has beneficial effects on human skin physiology: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Skin pharmacology and physiology, 27(1), 47–55. DOI: 10.1159/000351376

Zdzieblik D, Oesser S, Baumstark MW, Gollhofer A, König D. Collagen peptide supplementation in combination with resistance training improves body composition and increases muscle strength in elderly sarcopenic men: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2015;114(8):1237‐1245. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515002810

Clark, Kristine L et al. “24-Week study on the use of collagen hydrolysate as a dietary supplement in athletes with activity-related joint pain.” Current medical research and opinion vol. 24,5 (2008): 1485-96. DOI: 10.1185/030079908x291967

Moskowitz, R W. “Role of collagen hydrolysate in bone and joint disease.” Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism vol. 30,2 (2000): 87-99. DOI: 10.1053/sarh.2000.9622

Bello, Alfonso E, and Steffen Oesser. “Collagen hydrolysate for the treatment of osteoarthritis and other joint disorders: a review of the literature.” Current medical research and opinion vol. 22,11 (2006): 2221-32. DOI: 10.1185/030079906X148373

Kumar, Suresh et al. “A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, clinical study on the effectiveness of collagen peptide on osteoarthritis.” Journal of the science of food and agriculture vol. 95,4 (2015): 702-7. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6752

Hydrolyzed Fish Collagen Peptides

Sanchez A, Blanco M, Correa B, Perez-Martin RI, Sotelo CG. Effect of Fish Collagen Hydrolysates on Type I Collagen mRNA Levels of Human Dermal Fibroblast Culture. Mar Drugs. 2018;16(5):144. Published 2018 Apr 26. doi: 10.3390/md16050144

König D, Oesser S, Scharla S, Zdzieblik D, Gollhofer A. Specific Collagen Peptides Improve Bone Mineral Density and Bone Markers in Postmenopausal Women-A Randomized Controlled Study. Nutrients. 2018;10(1):97. Published 2018 Jan 16. doi: 10.3390/nu10010097

Porfírio, Elisângela & Fanaro, Gustavo. (2016). Collagen supplementation as a complementary therapy for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia. 19. 153-164. DOI: 10.1590/1809-9823.2016.14145

De Luca C, Mikhal'chik EV, Suprun MV, Papacharalambous M, Truhanov AI, Korkina LG. Skin Antiageing and Systemic Redox Effects of Supplementation with Marine Collagen Peptides and Plant-Derived Antioxidants: A Single-Blind Case-Control Clinical Study. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:4389410. doi: 10.1155/2016/4389410

Glynis A. A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study Evaluating the Efficacy of an Oral Supplement in Women with Self-perceived Thinning Hair. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2012;5(11):28‐34. PMCID: PMC3509882

Proksch, E., Schunck, M., Zague, V., Segger, D., Degwert, J., & Oesser, S. (2014). Oral intake of specific bioactive collagen peptides reduces skin wrinkles and increases dermal matrix synthesis. Skin pharmacology and physiology, 27(3), 113–119. DOI: 10.1159/000355523

Proksch, E., Segger, D., Degwert, J., Schunck, M., Zague, V., & Oesser, S. (2014). Oral supplementation of specific collagen peptides has beneficial effects on human skin physiology: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Skin pharmacology and physiology, 27(1), 47–55. DOI: 10.1159/000351376

Chicken Bone Broth Collagen

Crowley DC, Lau FC, Sharma P, et al. Safety and efficacy of undenatured type II collagen in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: a clinical trial. Int J Med Sci. 2009;6(6):312‐321. Published 2009 Oct 9. doi: 10.7150/ijms.6.312

Bakilan F, Armagan O, Ozgen M, Tascioglu F, Bolluk O, Alatas O. Effects of Native Type II Collagen Treatment on Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Eurasian J Med. 2016;48(2):95‐101. doi: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2015.15030

Lugo, J.P., Saiyed, Z.M. & Lane, N.E. Efficacy and tolerability of an undenatured type II collagen supplement in modulating knee osteoarthritis symptoms: a multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutr J 15, 14 (2015). DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0130-8

Bagchi, D., Misner, B., Bagchi, M., Kothari, S. C., Downs, B. W., Fafard, R. D., & Preuss, H. G. (2002). Effects of orally administered undenatured type II collagen against arthritic inflammatory diseases: a mechanistic exploration. International journal of clinical pharmacology research, 22(3-4), 101–110.

Zhu, P., Li, X. Y., Wang, H. K., Jia, J. F., Zheng, Z. H., Ding, J., & Fan, C. M. (2007). Oral administration of type-II collagen peptide 250-270 suppresses specific cellular and humoral immune response in collagen-induced arthritis. Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.), 122(1), 75–84. DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.08.004

Barnett, M. L., Kremer, J. M., St Clair, E. W., Clegg, D. O., Furst, D., Weisman, M., Fletcher, M. J., Chasan-Taber, S., Finger, E., Morales, A., Le, C. H., & Trentham, D. E. (1998). Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with oral type II collagen. Results of a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis and rheumatism, 41(2), 290–297. DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199802)41:2<290::AID-ART13>3.0.CO;2-R

Yoshinari, O., Moriyama, H., & Shiojima, Y. (2015). An overview of a novel, water-soluble undenatured type II collagen (NEXT-II). Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 34(3), 255–262. DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2014.919541

Paul, C., Leser, S., & Oesser, S. (2019). Significant Amounts of Functional Collagen Peptides Can Be Incorporated in the Diet While Maintaining Indispensable Amino Acid Balance. Nutrients, 11(5), 1079. DOI: 10.3390/nu11051079

Darling, A. L., Manders, R., Sahni, S., Zhu, K., Hewitt, C. E., Prince, R. L., Millward, D. J., & Lanham-New, S. A. (2019). Dietary protein and bone health across the life-course: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis over 40 years. Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA, 30(4), 741–761. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-019-04933-8

Lerman, R. H., Chang, J. L., Konda, V., Desai, A., & Montalto, M. B. (2015). Nutritional Approach for Relief of Joint Discomfort: A 12-week, Open-case Series and Illustrative Case Report. Integrative medicine (Encinitas, Calif.), 14(5), 52–61. PMCID: PMC4712866

Egg Shell Membrane Collagen

Ruff KJ, Morrison D, Duncan SA, Back M, Aydogan C, Theodosakis J. Beneficial effects of natural eggshell membrane versus placebo in exercise-induced joint pain, stiffness, and cartilage turnover in healthy, postmenopausal women. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:285‐295. Published 2018 Feb 19. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S153782

Ruff KJ, Winkler A, Jackson RW, DeVore DP, Ritz BW. Eggshell membrane in the treatment of pain and stiffness from osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Clin Rheumatol. 2009;28(8):907‐914. doi: 10.1007/s10067-009-1173-4

Hewlings, S., Kalman, D., & Schneider, L. V. (2019). A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Prospective Clinical Trial Evaluating Water-Soluble Chicken Eggshell Membrane for Improvement in Joint Health in Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis. Journal of medicinal food, 22(9), 875–884. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0068

Ruff, K. J., DeVore, D. P., Leu, M. D., & Robinson, M. A. (2009). Eggshell membrane: a possible new natural therapeutic for joint and connective tissue disorders. Results from two open-label human clinical studies. Clinical interventions in aging, 4, 235–240. DOI: 10.2147/cia.s5797

Hyaluronic Acid & Astaxanthin

Bowman, Steven et al. “Recent advances in hyaluronic acid based therapy for osteoarthritis.” Clinical and translational medicine vol. 7,1 6. 16 Feb. 2018, doi: 10.1186/s40169-017-0180-3

Gupta, Ramesh C et al. “Hyaluronic Acid: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Trajectory.” Frontiers in veterinary science vol. 6 192. 25 Jun. 2019, doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00192

Altman, Roy et al. “Efficacy and safety of repeated courses of hyaluronic acid injections for knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review.” Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism vol. 48,2 (2018): 168-175. DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.01.009

Trigkilidas, D, and A Anand. “The effectiveness of hyaluronic acid intra-articular injections in managing osteoarthritic knee pain.” Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England vol. 95,8 (2013): 545-51. doi: 10.1308/003588413X13629960049432

Miśkowiec, Krzysztof et al. “Skuteczność działania i bezpieczeństwo preparatu Suplasyn 1-Shot w leczeniu choroby zwyrodnieniowej stawów kolanowych” [Effectiveness and safety of intra-articular use of hyaluronic acid (Suplasyn I-Shot) in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis]. Przeglad lekarski vol. 73,4 (2016): 221-3. PMID: 27526423

Concoff, Andrew et al. “The efficacy of multiple versus single hyaluronic acid injections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” BMC musculoskeletal disorders vol. 18,1 542. 21 Dec. 2017. DOI: 10.1186/s12891-017-1897-2

Fakhari, A, and C Berkland. “Applications and emerging trends of hyaluronic acid in tissue engineering, as a dermal filler and in osteoarthritis treatment.” Acta biomaterialia vol. 9,7 (2013): 7081-92. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.03.005

Sun, Kai et al. “Astaxanthin protects against osteoarthritis via Nrf2: a guardian of cartilage homeostasis.” Aging vol. 11,22 (2019): 10513-10531. doi: 10.18632/aging.102474

Peng, Yi-Jen et al. “Astaxanthin attenuates joint inflammation induced by monosodium urate crystals.” FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology vol. 34,8 (2020): 11215-11226. DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000558RR

Park, Jean Soon et al. “Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans.” Nutrition & metabolism vol. 7 18. 5 Mar. 2010. DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-18

Park, Doo Ri et al. “FlexPro MD, a Mixture of Krill Oil, Astaxanthin, and Hyaluronic Acid, Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Cytokine Production Through Inhibition of NF-κB.” Journal of medicinal food vol. 19,12 (2016): 1196-1203. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3787

Bromelain, Turmeric & Ginger

Brien, Sarah et al. “Bromelain as a Treatment for Osteoarthritis: a Review of Clinical Studies.” Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM vol. 1,3 (2004): 251-257. PMCID: PMC538506

Walker, A F et al. “Bromelain reduces mild acute knee pain and improves well-being in a dose-dependent fashion in an open study of otherwise healthy adults.” Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology vol. 9,8 (2002): 681-6. DOI: 10.1078/094471102321621269

Italiano, Giovanni et al. “Benefits of a Food Supplement Containing Boswellia serrata and Bromelain for Improving the Quality of Life in Patients with Osteoarthritis: A Pilot Study.” Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.) vol. 26,2 (2020): 123-129. DOI: 10.1089/acm.2019.0258

Conrozier, Thierry et al. “A complex of three natural anti-inflammatory agents provides relief of osteoarthritis pain.” Alternative therapies in health and medicine vol. 20 Suppl 1 (2014): 32-7. PMID: 24473984

Brien, S et al. “Bromelain as an adjunctive treatment for moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study.” QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians vol. 99,12 (2006): 841-50. DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcl118

Daily, James W et al. “Efficacy of Turmeric Extracts and Curcumin for Alleviating the Symptoms of Joint Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.” Journal of medicinal food vol. 19,8 (2016): 717-29. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3705

Altman, R D, and K C Marcussen. “Effects of a ginger extract on knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis.” Arthritis and rheumatism vol. 44,11 (2001): 2531-8. PMID: 11710709

Mashhadi, Nafiseh Shokri et al. “Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger in health and physical activity: review of current evidence.” International journal of preventive medicine vol. 4,Suppl 1 (2013): S36-42. PMID: 23717767