Vitamin A (as Beta-Carotene; from D. salina), Vitamin C (as Ascorbic Acid, Organic Acerola Cherry & Calcium Ascorbate), Vitamin E (as Mixed Tocopherols) Zinc (as Natural Amino Acid Chelate), Codeage Macular Protection Proprietary Blend: Marigold Extract (Flower) [Providing 20 mg Free Lutein (L), Phospholipids, 10 mg Meso-Zeaxanthin (MZ) & Trans-Zeaxanthin (Z)], Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis; Whole Plant), Omega-3 (with Plant-Based EPA & DHA from Algae), Bilberry Extract (Fruit), Saffron Extract (Flower), Natural Astaxanthin [from CO2 Extract of Haematococcus pluvialis Algae]. Other Ingredients: Methylcellulose Capsule, Lemon Flavor.

Adults take 2 capsules daily with 8 ounces of water or your favorite beverage. May be taken with or without food.

CAUTION: Do not exceed recommended dose. Please use caution if you have allergies or sensitivities to any of the listed ingredients. Pregnant or nursing mothers and individuals with a known medical condition should consult a physician before using this or any dietary supplement. Use only as directed. If gastrointestinal discomfort (including bloating, cramps, diarrhea, or other digestive upset) or other sensitivity is experienced stop taking the product immediately. If you are pregnant, nursing, or have a medical condition, please consult with your physician before use. If you have any questions about consuming this dietary supplement, consult with your health care professional before using. If you use prescription drugs or over-the-counter medications, are unaware of your current medical condition or have a pre-existing medical condition(s), consult with your health care professional before using. Discontinue use immediately if you experience any adverse symptoms or reactions while taking this product. Discontinue use 2 weeks prior to surgery. Do not use if your health status is unknown. Do not use if safety seal is damaged or missing. Keep out of reach of children and pets. Store in a cool, dry place, away from heat moisture. Use this product as a food supplement only. Do not use for weight reduction.

Lutein & Zeaxanthin

Buscemi S, Corleo D, Di Pace F, Petroni ML, Satriano A, Marchesini G. The Effect of Lutein on Eye and Extra-Eye Health. Nutrients. 2018;10(9):1321. Published 2018 Sep 18. doi: 10.3390/nu10091321

Scripsema NK, Hu DN, Rosen RB. Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and meso-Zeaxanthin in the Clinical Management of Eye Disease. J Ophthalmol. 2015;2015:865179. doi: 10.1155/2015/865179

Abdel-Aal, e., Akhtar, H., Zaheer, K., & Ali, R. (2013). Dietary sources of lutein and zeaxanthin carotenoids and their role in eye health. Nutrients, 5(4), 1169–1185. DOI: 10.3390/nu5041169

Hammond B. R., Jr (2008). Possible role for dietary lutein and zeaxanthin in visual development. Nutrition reviews, 66(12), 695–702. DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00121.x

Krinsky, N. I., Landrum, J. T., & Bone, R. A. (2003). Biologic mechanisms of the protective role of lutein and zeaxanthin in the eye. Annual review of nutrition, 23, 171–201. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073307

Koushan, K., Rusovici, R., Li, W., Ferguson, L. R., & Chalam, K. V. (2013). The role of lutein in eye-related disease. Nutrients, 5(5), 1823–1839. DOI: 10.3390/nu5051823

Moeller, S. M., Parekh, N., Tinker, L., Ritenbaugh, C., Blodi, B., Wallace, R. B., Mares, J. A., & CAREDS Research Study Group (2006). Associations between intermediate age-related macular degeneration and lutein and zeaxanthin in the Carotenoids in Age-related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS): ancillary study of the Women's Health Initiative. Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 124(8), 1151–1162. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.124.8.1151

Ikonne, E. U., Ikpeazu, V. O., & Ugbogu, E. A. (2020). The potential health benefits of dietary natural plant products in age related eye diseases. Heliyon, 6(7), e04408. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04408

Mares J. (2016). Lutein and Zeaxanthin Isomers in Eye Health and Disease. Annual review of nutrition, 36, 571–602. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-051110

Bernstein, P. S., Li, B., Vachali, P. P., Gorusupudi, A., Shyam, R., Henriksen, B. S., & Nolan, J. M. (2016). Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin: The basic and clinical science underlying carotenoid-based nutritional interventions against ocular disease. Progress in retinal and eye research, 50, 34–66. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.10.003

Demmig-Adams, B., & Adams, R. B. (2013). Eye nutrition in context: mechanisms, implementation, and future directions. Nutrients, 5(7), 2483–2501. DOI: 10.3390/nu5072483

Johnson E. J. (2014). Role of lutein and zeaxanthin in visual and cognitive function throughout the lifespan. Nutrition reviews, 72(9), 605–612. DOI: 10.1111/nure.12133

Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group (2013). Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 309(19), 2005–2015. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.4997

Ma, L., Yan, S. F., Huang, Y. M., Lu, X. R., Qian, F., Pang, H. L., Xu, X. R., Zou, Z. Y., Dong, P. C., Xiao, X., Wang, X., Sun, T. T., Dou, H. L., & Lin, X. M. (2012). Effect of lutein and zeaxanthin on macular pigment and visual function in patients with early age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology, 119(11), 2290–2297. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.06.014

Writing Group for the AREDS2 Research Group, Bonds, D. E., Harrington, M., Worrall, B. B., Bertoni, A. G., Eaton, C. B., Hsia, J., Robinson, J., Clemons, T. E., Fine, L. J., & Chew, E. Y. (2014). Effect of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids and lutein + zeaxanthin supplements on cardiovascular outcomes: results of the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. JAMA internal medicine, 174(5), 763–771. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.328

Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) Research Group, Chew, E. Y., Clemons, T. E., Sangiovanni, J. P., Danis, R. P., Ferris, F. L., 3rd, Elman, M. J., Antoszyk, A. N., Ruby, A. J., Orth, D., Bressler, S. B., Fish, G. E., Hubbard, G. B., Klein, M. L., Chandra, S. R., Blodi, B. A., Domalpally, A., Friberg, T., Wong, W. T., Rosenfeld, P. J., … Sperduto, R. D. (2014). Secondary analyses of the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 report No. 3. JAMA ophthalmology, 132(2), 142–149. DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.7376

AREDS2 Research Group, Chew, E. Y., Clemons, T., SanGiovanni, J. P., Danis, R., Domalpally, A., McBee, W., Sperduto, R., & Ferris, F. L. (2012). The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2): study design and baseline characteristics (AREDS2 report number 1). Ophthalmology, 119(11), 2282–2289. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.05.027

Marshall, L. L., & Roach, J. M. (2013). Prevention and treatment of age-related macular degeneration: an update for pharmacists. The Consultant pharmacist : the journal of the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists, 28(11), 723–737. DOI: 10.4140/TCP.n.2013.723

Abdel-Aal, e., Akhtar, H., Zaheer, K., & Ali, R. (2013). Dietary sources of lutein and zeaxanthin carotenoids and their role in eye health. Nutrients, 5(4), 1169–1185. DOI: 10.3390/nu5041169

Sasamoto, Y., Gomi, F., Sawa, M., Tsujikawa, M., & Nishida, K. (2011). Effect of 1-year lutein supplementation on macular pigment optical density and visual function. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 249(12), 1847–1854. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-011-1780-z

Astaxanthin

Kono K, Shimizu Y, Takahashi S, Matsuoka S, Yui K. Effect of Multiple Dietary Supplement Containing Lutein, 
Astaxanthin, Cyanidin-3-Glucoside, and DHA on Accommodative Ability. Curr Med Chem. 2014;14(2):114-125. doi: 10.2174/187152221402150408111137

Schleicher M, Weikel K, Garber C, Taylor A. Diminishing risk for age-related macular degeneration with nutrition: a current view. Nutrients. 2013;5(7):2405-2456. Published 2013 Jul 2. doi: 10.3390/nu5072405

Nakamura, A. & Isobe, R. & Otaka, Y. & Abematsu, Y. & Nakata, D. & Honma, C. & Sakurai, S. & Shimada, Y. & Horiguchi, M.. (2004). Changes in visual function following peroral astaxanthin. 58. 1051-1054.

(2008). Astaxanthin and Eye Fatigue.

Ambati RR, Phang SM, Ravi S, Aswathanarayana RG. Astaxanthin: sources, extraction, stability, biological activities and its commercial applications--a review. Mar Drugs. 2014;12(1):128-152. Published 2014 Jan 7. doi: 10.3390/md12010128

Yamashita, E.. (2009). Eye fatigue (Asthenopia) relief by astaxanthin. Anti-Aging Therapeutics - 2009 Conference Year. 361-379.

Kajita, Masayoshi & Tsukahara, Hiroki & Kato, Mio. (2009). The Effects of a Dietary Supplement Containing Astaxanthin on the Accommodation Function of the Eye in Middle-aged and Older People. Med. Consult. N. Remed.. 46.

Kidd, Parris. (2011). Astaxanthin, Cell Membrane Nutrient with Diverse Clinical Benefits and Anti-Aging Potential. Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic. 16. 355-64.

TSO MARK O M, LAM TIM-TAK. Method of retarding and ameliorating central nervous system and eye damage. United States United STATES Patent US19940330194. 26 Oct 1994.

Otsuka, T., Shimazawa, M., Nakanishi, T., Ohno, Y., Inoue, Y., Tsuruma, K., Ishibashi, T., & Hara, H. (2013). Protective effects of a dietary carotenoid, astaxanthin, against light-induced retinal damage. Journal of pharmacological sciences, 123(3), 209–218. DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13066fp

Vitamin A

Wang, A., Han, J., Jiang, Y., & Zhang, D. (2014). Association of vitamin A and β-carotene with risk for age-related cataract: a meta-analysis. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 30(10), 1113–1121. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.02.025

Bartlett, H., & Eperjesi, F. (2004). An ideal ocular nutritional supplement?. Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists), 24(4), 339–349. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2004.00218.x

Kuzniarz, M., Mitchell, P., Cumming, R. G., & Flood, V. M. (2001). Use of vitamin supplements and cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. American journal of ophthalmology, 132(1), 19–26. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(01)00922-9

Seddon, J. M., Ajani, U. A., Sperduto, R. D., Hiller, R., Blair, N., Burton, T. C., Farber, M. D., Gragoudas, E. S., Haller, J., & Miller, D. T. (1994). Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. JAMA, 272(18), 1413–1420. PMID: 7933422

Vitamin C

McCusker, M. M., Durrani, K., Payette, M. J., & Suchecki, J. (2016). An eye on nutrition: The role of vitamins, essential fatty acids, and antioxidants in age-related macular degeneration, dry eye syndrome, and cataract. Clinics in dermatology, 34(2), 276–285. DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.11.009

Jacques P. F. (1999). The potential preventive effects of vitamins for cataract and age-related macular degeneration. International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition, 69(3), 198–205. DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831.69.3.198

Sackett, C. S., & Schenning, S. (2002). The age-related eye disease study: the results of the clinical trial. Insight (American Society of Ophthalmic Registered Nurses), 27(1), 5–7. PMID: 11962062

Chiu, C. J., & Taylor, A. (2007). Nutritional antioxidants and age-related cataract and maculopathy. Experimental eye research, 84(2), 229–245. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.05.015

Schalch, W., & Chylack, L. T. (2003). Antioxidative Mikronährstoffe und Katarakt. Ein Uberblick und ein Vergleich der Kataraktstudien "AREDS" und "REACT" [Antioxidant micronutrients and cataract. Review and comparison of the AREDS and REACT cataract studies]. Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft, 100(3), 181–189. DOI: 10.1007/s00347-003-0788-0

Wei, L., Liang, G., Cai, C., & Lv, J. (2016). Association of vitamin C with the risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis. Acta ophthalmologica, 94(3), e170–e176. DOI: 10.1111/aos.12688

Van Leeuwen, R., Boekhoorn, S., Vingerling, J. R., Witteman, J. C., Klaver, C. C., Hofman, A., & de Jong, P. T. (2005). Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of age-related macular degeneration. JAMA, 294(24), 3101–3107. DOI: 10.1001/jama.294.24.3101

Zinc

Evans, J. R., & Lawrenson, J. G. (2017). Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 7(7), CD000254. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000254.pub4

Jampol, L. M., & Ferris, F. L., 3rd (2001). Antioxidants and zinc to prevent progression of age-related macular degeneration. JAMA, 286(19), 2466–2468. PMID: 11759670

Aslam, T., Delcourt, C., Silva, R., Holz, F. G., Leys, A., Garcià Layana, A., & Souied, E. (2013). Micronutrients in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde, 229(2), 75–79. DOI: 10.1159/000343708

Zampatti, S., Ricci, F., Cusumano, A., Marsella, L. T., Novelli, G., & Giardina, E. (2014). Review of nutrient actions on age-related macular degeneration. Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.), 34(2), 95–105. DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.10.011

Awh, C. C., Lane, A. M., Hawken, S., Zanke, B., & Kim, I. K. (2013). CFH and ARMS2 genetic polymorphisms predict response to antioxidants and zinc in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology, 120(11), 2317–2323. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.07.039

Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group (2000). The Age-Related Eye Disease Study: a clinical trial of zinc and antioxidants--Age-Related Eye Disease Study Report No. 2. The Journal of nutrition, 130(5S Suppl), 1516S–9S. DOI: 10.1093/jn/130.5.1516S

Zeng, S., Hernández, J., & Mullins, R. F. (2012). Effects of antioxidant components of AREDS vitamins and zinc ions on endothelial cell activation: implications for macular degeneration. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 53(2), 1041–1047. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8531